Education in India

Is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: central, state, and local.

Primary education:

The Indian government lays emphasis on primary education up to the age of fourteen years, referred to as elementary education in India

Private education.

In India , due to the British influence, a public school implies a non-governmental, historically elite educational institution, often modeled on British public schools which are in certain cases governmental.

Most middle-class families send their children to such schools, which might be in their own city or distant boarding school such as Rajkumar College, Rajkot, the oldest public school in India

       

                                            

Dhirubhai Ambani School, Mumbai          

School wall of a Private School in India

Secondary education:

The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986, has provided for environment awareness, science and technology education, and introduction of traditional elements such as Yoga into the Indian secondary school system.^[27] Secondary education covers children 14–18 which covers 88.5 million children according to the Census, 2001.

A special Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) programme was started in 1974 with a focus on primary education.^[8] but which was converted into Inclusive Education at Secondary Stage^. Another notable special programme, the Kendriya Vidyalaya project, was started for the employees of the central government of India, who are distributed throughout the country. The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employee's family has been transferred.

Higher education in India

India's higher education system is the third largest in the world, next to the United States and China. The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission, which enforces its standards, advises the government, and helps coordinate between the centre and the state. Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission.

Indian higher education system has expanded at a fast pace by adding nearly 20,000 colleges and more than 8 million students in a decade from 2000-2001 to 2010-2011. As of 2011^[update], India has 42 central universities, 275 state universities, 130 deemed universities, 90 private universities, 5 institutions established and functioning under the State Act, and 33 Institutes of National Importance.

                        Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (Gujarat)

Education in Chile

Is divided in preschool, primary school, secondary school, and technical or higher education (university)

The levels of education in Chile are:

·         Pre-school: For children up to 5 years old.

·         Primary school: (Enseñanza básica) for children aged 6–13 years old, divided into 8 grades.

·         Secondary school: (Enseñanza media) for teenagers aged 14–17 years old, divided into 4 grades. Schools are divided by curriculum into:

1.      "Scientific-humanities". Geared to prepare students to enter university. From 11th grade (Tercero Medio), students can choose a subject in either science (math, physics, chemistry, biology), or humanities (literature, history, philosophy), for more advanced lessons.

2.      "Technical-professional". Designed to allow students to quickly enter the workforce after secondary education. Students are taught practical lessons in technical areas, such as electricity, mechanics, metal assembly, etc.

·         Higher education:

·         University: These are divided between "traditional" universities (public and private universities created (mostly) before the 1981 reform) and private institutions.

·         Professional Institute: Private institutions offering professional degrees, except for those given exclusively by universities. They were created in 1981.

·         Technical Schooling Center: Also created in 1981, they are private institutions offering technical degrees only.

According to the Constitution, primary and secondary school are mandatory for all Chileans.

The Chilean state provides an extensive system of education vouchers that covers about 93% of primary and secondary students (the other 7% attend non-subsidized private schools). The system is based on a direct payment to the schools based on daily attendance.

Schools are either public (nearly all owned by the municipality of the commune in which the school is located) or private, which may receive government subsidies.

            

Important Representatives on Social Sciences

MAHATMA GANDHI

Mahatma Gandhi was an important leader in India during its independence movement, influencing people both spiritually and politically. He was born in 1869 in Porbandar in the Indian state of Gujarat and died in 1948. When he was 13, he was married to Kasturbai.

 Mohandas K Gandhi, also known as 'Mahatma' which means Great Soul, is nearly indisputably considered to be the the biggest influence on India. He led the Indian nationalist movement with a doctrine of non-violent protests. Gandhi made groundbreaking changes to the Indian National Congress and devoted himself to improving Hindu-Muslim relations. The protest of a tax on salt led huge numbers to join a 'March to the Sea'.

DAVID HARE

Is known as an educational pioneer all over India.  A native of Scotland, he came to India in 1800, carried on a watch-making business in Calcutta and made a fortune by it.  He retired from business in 1814 ; and instead of going back to Scotland, remained in India and dedicated his life for the welfare of her people.

David Hare attended to all matters affecting the Indians. But his primary interest lay in the education of the people.  His efforts were directed towards the improvement of vernacular education, which was very extensive at that time.

The Indians had already come into contact with the Europeans, most of whom were business men.  They perceived the Europeans’ superior powers, due to the mastery of western literature and science.  David Hare perceived the desideratum of the Indian people. He joined the movement for the establishment of an organized institution to impart English education as well as education in the sciences.  We owe the conception of such an institution to Raja Ram Mohun Roy.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy 

Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ram Mohun also spelled Rammohun, Rammohan, or Ram Mohan (Bengali 22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833), was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer, and humanitarian, who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule.

Main Contributions

Some contributions of Political Sciences

Archeology 

Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar was an Indian archaeologist. He used the nickname Jari Bau (English Haribhau). It is especially famous because in 1958 he discovered the caves of Bhimbetka, which show the oldest traces of human life in India.

The Bhimbetka rock shelters compose an archaeological site and is one of the places declared as World Heritage Unesco Humanidadpor. They are located in the state of Madhya Pradesh (India). They cover an area of 1,893 hectares and a buffer zone of 10,280 ha.

Anthropology

 Anthropology has a rich tradition in India. Usually believed to have a formal beginning in 1784 with the establishment of Asiatic Society of Bengal, anthropology has come a long way in the last two centuries. Earliest anthropological writings about India are by the British administrators, missionaries, and travelers; as well as British who were trained as anthropologists, Indian anthropologists came to the fore in the 20th century. 

 Sarat Chandra Roy (1871–1942) was a Bengali speaking Indian scholar of anthropology. He is widely regarded as the father of Indian ethnography, the first Indian ethnographer, and as the first Indian anthropologist.  Keeping all this in perspective, he decided to spend years and decades among tribal folks to study their languages, conduct ethnography, and interpret their customs, practices, religion and laws for the benefit of humanity, and also for the established system of colonial civil jurisprudence. In so doing, he wrote pioneering monographs, that would set the ground for broader understanding and future research. 

In his later years, he spent his time editing Man in India and in other journals, writing and lecturing at the newly established anthropology department at the University of Calcutta, and serving as a reader at Patna University.

Dr. Panchanan Mitra  was the first professor of anthropology in India. He was among the first Indians to study at Yale University and conducted several anthropological expeditions in India and abroad. He was the head of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Calcutta and is most known for his works Prehistoric India (1923), History of American Anthropology (1930) andIndo-Poly-nesian Memories (1933). 

Psychologist

Gunamudian David Boaz  was the first Indian psychologist, the department concentrated exclusively on children and their education first. He was credited for making India an major contributor in the field on Psychology. Later on in 1976, the department turned its attention to Criminology,Applied Psychology, Organizational Psychology and Counseling, etc. The Indian Government has instituted an award in remembrance of his Work, and more over the The Tamil Nadu Government Psychiatric rehabilitation is named after him, The Dr. G.D. Boaz Memorial Hospital.

Sociology 

Andre Beteille  is one of India's leading sociologists and writers. He is particularly well known for his studies of the caste system in South India. Béteille has written insightfully about all the major questions of the day: India's encounters with the West, the contest between religion and secularism, the relationship between caste and class, the links between poverty and inequality, the nurturing of public institutions, the role and responsibilities of the intellectual.